Anatomic pathology Syllabus in Russia, Other CIS & Eastern Europe

Pathology is taught in Russia, other CIS & Eastern Europe in the traditional way where the syllabus is divided into 2 subjects that are usually taught parallelly in the 3rd academic year:
1. Anatomic pathology/Pathanatomy: Focuses on the structural aspect of the pathology including histopathology (Changes in the tissues, organs, systems & their clinical consequences)
2. Pathophysiology: Focuses on the dynamic aspect of the pathology (Etiology, pathogenesis, MOD of the clinical/lab manifestations, consequences & pathophysiological basis of the treatment)

FAQs about Anatomic pathology in Russia vs India

When do they teach Anatomic pathology in Russia, Other CIS & Eastern Europe? Usually taught in the 3rd academic year
Which countries teach Anatomic pathology & Pathophysiology separately? Many European countries especially Eastern Europe, All CIS, South American countries & China.
What is taught under Anatomic pathology in Russia, Other CIS & Eastern Europe? especially the structural aspect of the pathology including histopathology (Changes in the tissues, organs, systems & their clinical consequences)
Do they teach Anatomic pathology & Pathophysiology separately in India? No, they teach both under a single subject “Pathology”
When do they teach Pathology in India? Pathology is taught in 2nd MBBS
Is there a drastic difference between the depth of content taught/tested in India & Russia, Other CIS & Eastern Europe? Yes, the depth of the contents taught in India is more than in Russia, especially for the English medium.

Anatomic pathology/Pathanatomy syllabus

Subject: Anatomic pathology AKA Pathanatomy AKA Pathomorphology
Semesters: 5-6
Tentative hours of lectures: 62 hours
Tentative hours of practicals: 84 hours
Exam: after 2 semesters
Emphasis on the CIS syllabi: It’s wise to emphasize that this Curriculum/syllabus is tentative & the subject’s distribution or teaching hours or exams might vary in different universities and CIS.

Brief description of the course

Anatomic pathology/Pathological anatomy is the component part of pathology which includes an extensive region of biology and medicine and studying different aspects of diseases.
Anatomic pathology/Pathological anatomy is the scientific study of the origin and development of diseases.
It includes pathological anatomy, pathological physiology, and pathological biochemistry.
Pathological process is consecutive reactions against of damaging influence of a pathological agent, leading to disturbance of homeostasis.
Division of “pathological anatomy”:
1. General course: common pathological processes
2. Special pathological anatomy
3. Clinical pathomorphology

Prerequisites:

Ecology, Molecular biology, and medicine genetic, Biochemistry, Microbiology, Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, Physiology.

Objectives:

Study of structural manifestation of common pathological processes & systemic pathology.
Organize the knowledge about reasons and mechanisms of structural changes at common pathological processes in dynamic (morphogenesis) & & systemic pathology.
Training to the identification of differential signs of pathological processes & systemic pathology, their complications, and outcomes.
Mastering of the skills and abilities of macro and microscopic examination the preparations with pathological processes & systemic pathology,

Outcomes:

A student must know:
1. The structural manifestation of the common pathological processes & systemic pathology,
2. The reasons, mechanisms, and pathogenesis of structural changes of common pathological processes & systemic pathology, morphogenesis, outcomes.
3. Basic morphologic differential signs of pathological processes & systemic pathology,

Educational methods:

Lectures: Integrated & problem based
Practical lessons:
1. Active learning methods – training based on a clinical case (CBL), team teaching method (TBL).
2. Traditional methods – work with macro-preparations (description) and histological preparations for respiratory diseases, cardiovascular, urogenital, musculoskeletal, nervous, digestive, endocrine, and hematopoietic systems (microscopy, sketch, description), tables, stain, photomicrographs.
3. Analysis of the major questions of the topic, the decision of situational problems, testing.
Individual work: independent work with training and additional literature, training and protection of the presentation by the morphological features of respiratory diseases, cardiovascular, genitourinary, musculoskeletal, nervous, digestive, endocrine, and hematopoietic systems.

Lectures: topics, Interim assessments (Controls) & number of hours

Theme	Hours
1. Introduction to Pathological anatomy, History of the department. Methods of teaching. Autopsy. Signs of death, postmortem changes.	2
2. Morphology of reversible and irreversible cell and tissue injury. Necrosis. Apoptosis. Degeneration, notion. Parenchymal degeneration.	2
3. Stromal-vascular degeneration.	2
4. Mixed degeneration.	4
5. Disturbances of the circulation.	4
6. Credit control	2
7. Inflammation.	4
8. Immune system pathology.	2
9. Processes of Adaptation and Regeneration.	2
10. Introduction into Tumor	4
11. Credit control	2
12. CVS including cerebrovascular diseases	6
13. Credit control	2
14. Anemia. Neoplasms of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues.	2
15. Diseases of the lungs.	2
16. Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.	2
17. Diseases of the liver and biliary tract.	2
18. Diseases of kidneys.	2
19. Credit control	2
20. Viral airborne infections	2
21. Bacterial airborne infections	2
22. Bacterial intestinal diseases	2
23. Pyogenic infections. Sepsis.	2
24. Tuberculosis.	2
25. Credit control of infectious diseases.	2
26. Diseases of the endocrine system.	2
27. Diseases of the male genital system.	2
28. Diseases of the placenta and umbilical cord. Pregnancy and postpartum diseases.	2
29. Diseases of the locomotor system.	2
30. Diseases of the nervous system.	2
31. Credit control	2
Total	62

Practical classes: topics & number of hours

Theme	Hours
1. Intracellular and extracellular accumulation. Morphology of injury and death of cells and tissues. Necrosis and apoptosis.	6
2. Disorders of blood circulation.	6
3. Inflammation	6
4. Pathomorphology of the immune system.	6
5. Tumor	6
6. Hematology	6
7. CVS	6
8. Systemic diseases of connective tissue	6
9. Diseases of the respiratory system.	6
10. Tuberculosis & Childhood infections.	6
11. GIT & biliary.	6
12. Endocrinology	6
13. Diseases of kidneys.	6
14. Genital system & perinatal pathology.	6
Total	84

Interim assessments (Controls) & Exam

Interim assessment (Chapter-wise controls) : MCQs + situational tasks & Spotter with Viva (practical)
Final exam: Spotter with Viva

Sample Control & Exam questions

MCQ

Simple or case-based
Single answer or multiple answers

The following is an antiapoptotic gene?

1. Bax
2. Bad
3. Bcl-X
4. Bim

Viva

What is the difference between cell injury and inflammation?
What are the main components of inflammation?
What is the difference between acute and chronic inflammation?

Situational tasks

A 52-year-old man has the sudden onset of chest pain. He is found to have a serum troponin I of 5 ng/mL. A year later he has reduced exercise tolerance. An echocardiogram reveals an akinetic segment of the left ventricle, and he has reduced cardiac output, with an ejection fraction of 25%. After 2 weeks he experiences a transient ischemic attack (TIA). His serum troponin I is now <0.5 ng/mL. (10 marks)

1. \What is the primary diagnosis of the initial presentation?
2. According to color, the lesion seen in the patient with what you diagnosed is classified as?
3. What type of necrosis do you find in this case?
4. What is the Mc cause of the condition you diagnosed & which artery seems to be affected?
5. Why did he develop TIA after 2 weeks?

Scores

The score ranges from 5 to 1:
- 5 is “excellent” → Otlichno
- 4 is “good” → Khorosho
- 3 is “satisfactory” → Udovletvoritel’no
- 2 is “unsatisfactory” → Neudovletvoritel’no

Reference textbooks

Струков А.И. Патологическая анатомия: Учебник / А.И.Струков, В.В.Серов. – М.: Литтера, 2010. – 848с. (Учеб. лит. для студ. мед. вузов).
Шевченко Н.И. Патологическая анатомия: Учеб. пособие для медвузов / Шевченко Н. И., Муканова Ж..И. – М.: Владос, 2005. – 285 с.
Кук Р.А. Цветной атлас патологической анатомии: пер. с англ. / Р. А. Кук, Б. Стеварт. – М.: Логосфера, 2005. – 282 с.: ил.
Пальцев М.А. Патология: Учебник (в 2-х томах)/ М.А.Пальцев, В.С.Пауков. – М.: Гэотар-Медиа, 2010. – 1000с.
Rоbbins S.W., Kumar V. Basic Pathology. / 4 nd Ed, W.B. Saunders Company. – Philadelphia-London-Toronto-Sydney, 1987. – 158p.