No Result
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (CVS)
Pattern: Myocardial Infarction (Inferior Wall)
Presentation: Middle-aged male with retrosternal chest pain, sweating, and vomiting.Key Clue: ECG shows ST elevation in leads II, III, and aVF . Bradycardia is often present (RCA supply to SA/AV node).Diagnosis/Step: Inferior Wall MI. Avoid Nitrates if RV infarction is suspected; treat with Aspirin/PCI.
Pattern: Cardiac Tamponade
Presentation: Patient with chest trauma or malignancy presents with hypotension, distended neck veins, and muffled heart sounds (Beck’s Triad ).Key Clue: Pulsus Paradoxus (BP drop >10mmHg on inspiration) or Electrical Alternans on ECG.Diagnosis/Step: Cardiac Tamponade —-> Immediate Pericardiocentesis.
Pattern: Constrictive Pericarditis
Presentation: Patient with history of TB presents with ascites, pedal edema, and dyspnea.Key Clue: Kussmaul’s Sign (JVP rises on inspiration) or Pericardial Knock (S3). X-ray may show pericardial calcification.Diagnosis/Step: Constrictive Pericarditis,.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Pattern: Tension Pneumothorax
Presentation: Trauma patient or COPD patient with sudden onset severe breathlessness and hypotension.Key Clue: Trachea deviated to opposite side , hyper-resonant percussion note, absent breath sounds on affected side.Diagnosis/Step: Tension Pneumothorax —->Needle Decompression (Immediate) before Chest X-ray,.
Pattern: Pleural Effusion
Presentation: Patient with gradual breathlessness, stony dullness on percussion, and decreased breath sounds.Key Clue: X-ray shows homogeneous opacity with a curved upper margin (Meniscus sign) .Diagnosis/Step: Pleural Effusion —-> Diagnostic Thoracocentesis,.
Pattern: Fat Embolism Syndrome
Presentation: Young patient with long bone fracture (femur) develops sudden breathlessness and confusion 24-72 hours post-injury.Key Clue: Petechial rash on chest/axilla + Hypoxia + Confusion.Diagnosis/Step: Fat Embolism Syndrome —-> Supportive care (Oxygen/Ventilation),.
GASTROINTESTINAL & SURGERY
Pattern: Acute Pancreatitis
Presentation: Alcoholic male or female with gallstones presents with severe epigastric pain radiating to the back.Key Clue: Pain relieved by bending forward; Elevated Serum Amylase/Lipase .Diagnosis/Step: Acute Pancreatitis —-> IV Fluids & Analgesia (Contrast CT is gold standard),,.
Pattern: Perforation Peritonitis
Presentation: History of NSAID use or peptic ulcer, presents with sudden severe abdominal pain and a rigid, “board-like” abdomen.Key Clue: Chest X-ray shows free gas under the diaphragm .Diagnosis/Step: Hollow Viscus Perforation —-> Exploratory Laparotomy,,.
Pattern: Intussusception
Presentation: Infant (6-9 months) with excessive crying, drawing legs to chest, and vomiting.Key Clue: “Red Currant Jelly” stools or sausage-shaped mass. USG shows “Target sign”.Diagnosis/Step: Intussusception —-> Pneumatic/Hydrostatic Reduction,.
Pattern: Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis (CHPS)
Presentation: 3-6 week old first-born male with non-bilious projectile vomiting immediately after feeding.Key Clue: Palpable “Olive-shaped mass” in epigastrium. Metabolic Alkalosis.Diagnosis/Step: CHPS —-> Pyloromyotomy (Ramstedt’s),,.
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)
Pattern: Extradural Hemorrhage (EDH)
Presentation: Young male hit by cricket ball/trauma to temporal region. Brief loss of consciousness —->Lucid Interval (normalcy) —-> rapid deterioration.Key Clue: NCCT Brain shows Biconvex (Lens-shaped) hyperdensity limited by suture lines.Diagnosis/Step: EDH —-> Craniotomy/Evacuation,,.
Pattern: Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH)
Presentation: Sudden onset “Thunderclap headache” (worst headache of life), neck stiffness, or collapse.Key Clue: NCCT shows hyperdensity in Sylvian fissure/cisterns (Star shape).Diagnosis/Step: Ruptured Berry Aneurysm (SAH),.
Pattern: Cryptococcal Meningitis
Presentation: HIV positive patient (low CD4) with chronic headache and neck stiffness.Key Clue: CSF India Ink staining shows encapsulated yeast cells .Diagnosis/Step: Cryptococcal Meningitis —-> Amphotericin B,.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Pattern: Pheochromocytoma
Presentation: Young patient with episodic headaches, sweating, and palpitations. Found to have severe hypertension.Key Clue: Triad of Headache, Sweating, Palpitations . Elevated Urinary VMA/Metanephrines.Diagnosis/Step: Pheochromocytoma —-> Alpha-blockers (Phenoxybenzamine) before Beta-blockers,,.
Pattern: Hypocalcemia (Tetany)
Presentation: Patient post-thyroidectomy complains of tingling around mouth and muscle cramps.Key Clue: Chvostek’s sign (facial twitch) or Trousseau’s sign (carpopedal spasm) positive.Diagnosis/Step: Hypocalcemia —-> IV Calcium Gluconate,,.
Pattern: Graves’ Disease
Presentation: Weight loss despite good appetite, heat intolerance, palpitations, tremors.Key Clue: Exophthalmos (proptosis) or Pretibial Myxedema. Low TSH, High T3/T4.Diagnosis/Step: Graves’ Disease (Thyrotoxicosis).
OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY
Pattern: Ectopic Pregnancy
Presentation: Female of reproductive age with amenorrhea (6-8 weeks), sudden lower abdominal pain, and spotting.Key Clue: Adnexal tenderness/mass + Empty uterus on USG + Beta-hCG levels lower than expected.Diagnosis/Step: Ectopic Pregnancy,,.
Pattern: Placenta Previa
Presentation: Pregnant woman (3rd trimester) with sudden onset painless, causeless bright red vaginal bleeding.Key Clue: Uterus is soft/relaxed. NO Per-Vaginal (PV) exam allowed.Diagnosis/Step: Placenta Previa —-> USG for localization,.
Pattern: Molar Pregnancy
Presentation: Amenorrhea with uterine size greater than period of gestation , hyperemesis (excessive vomiting).Key Clue: USG shows “Snowstorm appearance” . Extremely high Beta-hCG.Diagnosis/Step: Hydatidiform Mole —-> Suction Evacuation,.
RENAL & UROLOGY
Pattern: Ureteric Colic
Presentation: Sudden onset severe loin pain radiating to groin/testicle. Patient is restless (cannot find comfortable position).Key Clue: Hematuria on urinalysis.Diagnosis/Step: Ureteric Calculus —-> NCCT KUB (Gold standard).
Pattern: Bladder Cancer
Presentation: Elderly male (smoker or dye factory worker) with painless, profuse hematuria .Key Clue: Cystoscopy shows growth.Diagnosis/Step: Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC),.
No Result
