FMGE Past Papers (2020-2025) Subject-wise high-yield one-liners.

FMGE Past Papers (2020-2025) Subject-wise high-yield one-liners.

ANATOMY

• Deep inguinal ring is a defect in the Transversalis fascia.
• Winged scapula is caused by injury to the Long Thoracic Nerve.
• Wrist drop is caused by injury to the Radial Nerve (often at the spiral groove).
• Foot drop is caused by injury to the Common Peroneal Nerve (often at the fibular neck).
• Trendelenburg sign positive (hip falls on unsupported side) indicates injury to the Superior Gluteal Nerve (supplying Gluteus Medius/Minimus).
• Erb’s Palsy involves the upper trunk of the brachial plexus (C5-C6).
• Klumpke’s Paralysis involves the lower trunk (C8-T1) affecting intrinsic hand muscles.
• Loss of sensation over the anatomical snuffbox indicates Radial Nerve injury.
• Ductus arteriosus develops from the Left 6th Pharyngeal Arch artery.
• Coronary sinus develops from the Left Horn of Sinus Venosus.
• The Cricoid cartilage is an unpaired cartilage of the larynx.
• Sartorius muscle attaches to the Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS).
• Great Saphenous Vein is located 2.5 cm anterior to the medial malleolus.
• Internal Capsule (Genu) carries corticobulbar tracts; Posterior limb carries corticospinal tracts.
• Meckel’s Diverticulum is a remnant of the Vitello-intestinal duct.
• Hyaline cartilage is found in the trachea, bronchus, and articular surfaces.
• Fibrocartilage is found in the pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs.
• Genioglossus muscle is the safety muscle of the tongue (prevents tongue fall).
• Middle meningeal artery passes through the Foramen Spinosum.
• Ureter passes under the uterine artery (“water under the bridge”).

PHYSIOLOGY

• S1 heart sound coincides with the Isovolumetric Contraction phase.
• Surfactant is produced by Type II Pneumocytes beginning at 24-28 weeks.
• Normal GFR in a healthy adult is approximately 125 ml/min.
• Glucose and Amino acids are reabsorbed in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) via secondary active transport (SGLT).
• ADH (Vasopressin) acts on V2 receptors in the Collecting Duct to increase water permeability.
• Oxygen-Hemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the RIGHT with: Acidosis, Hypercapnia (High CO2), Increased Temp, Increased 2,3-DPG.
• Resting Membrane Potential is primarily maintained by Potassium (K+) efflux.
• Repolarization of the nerve action potential is due to Potassium (K+) efflux.
• Frank-Starling Law: Force of contraction is proportional to the initial fiber length (Preload/EDV).
• Corticospinal tract decussates at the lower medulla.
• Saltatory conduction occurs at the Nodes of Ranvier.
• Gastrin is secreted by G-cells in the antrum; it increases HCL secretion.
• Inhibin is secreted by Sertoli cells and inhibits FSH.
• Ovulation is triggered by the LH Surge.
• Progesterone is the thermogenic hormone responsible for basal body temperature rise after ovulation.
• Melatonin is secreted by the Pineal Gland and regulates circadian rhythm.
• Compliance of the lungs is decreased in Restrictive Lung Diseases (e.g., Fibrosis).
• Pulsus Paradoxus (BP drop >10mmHg during inspiration) is seen in Cardiac Tamponade and severe Asthma.
• Bile salts are absorbed in the Terminal Ileum.
• Blood-Brain Barrier is formed by Astrocytes (foot processes) and tight junctions.

BIOCHEMISTRY

• Von Gierke’s Disease (Type I GSD) is due to Glucose-6-Phosphatase deficiency.
• Rate-limiting enzyme of Glycolysis is Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1).
• Rate-limiting enzyme of Heme synthesis is ALA Synthase.
• Rate-limiting enzyme of Cholesterol synthesis is HMG-CoA Reductase (target of Statins).
• Complex IV of the Electron Transport Chain is inhibited by Cyanide and Carbon Monoxide.
• Vitamin C deficiency causes Scurvy (bleeding gums, perifollicular hemorrhage).
• Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) deficiency causes Wernicke’s Encephalopathy (confusion, ataxia, ophthalmoplegia).
• Vitamin B3 (Niacin) deficiency causes Pellagra (Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Dementia).
• Vitamin B12 deficiency causes Megaloblastic Anemia and Subacute Combined Degeneration of the Cord.
• Bitot’s spots and Night Blindness are signs of Vitamin A deficiency.
• Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) is due to a defect in Branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase.
• Alkaptonuria (Black urine disease) is due to Homogentisate oxidase deficiency.
• Phenylketonuria (PKU) is due to Phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency.
• Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome is due to HGPRT deficiency (self-mutilation, gout).
• Wilson’s Disease involves a defect in ATP7B gene (Copper accumulation).
• Collagen has a Triple Helix structure rich in Glycine-Proline-Hydroxyproline.
• Tyrosine is the precursor for Melanin, Dopamine, and Thyroid hormones.
• Nitric Oxide is synthesized from Arginine.
• Sodium Fluoride is used in vacutainers to inhibit glycolysis for blood glucose estimation.
• Lactulose is a disaccharide of Galactose + Fructose.

PATHOLOGY

• Philadelphia Chromosome is t(9;22), seen in CML.
• Burkitt Lymphoma is associated with t(8;14) (c-myc translocation).
• Owl Eye inclusions are characteristic of CMV (Cytomegalovirus).
• Orphan Annie eye nuclei are characteristic of Papillary Carcinoma Thyroid.
• Psammoma bodies are seen in Papillary Thyroid Ca, Meningioma, and Serous Ovarian Ca.
• Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells are characteristic of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma.
• Call-Exner bodies are seen in Granulosa Cell Tumors of the ovary.
• Auer Rods are characteristic of AML (Acute Myeloid Leukemia).
• Smudge cells are seen in CLL (Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia).
• Target cells are seen in Thalassemia and Liver disease.
• Basophilic Stippling is a feature of Lead Poisoning.
• Hair-on-end appearance on X-ray skull is seen in Thalassemia Major.
• Congo Red stain showing apple-green birefringence under polarized light indicates Amyloidosis.
• Liquefactive necrosis is characteristic of Brain infarcts and abscesses.
• Coagulative necrosis is characteristic of ischemic infarction (Heart, Kidney, Spleen).
• Fat necrosis is seen in Acute Pancreatitis and Breast trauma.
• Granulomatous inflammation is seen in TB (caseating) and Sarcoidosis (non-caseating).
• Signet Ring cells are seen in Diffuse Gastric Cancer and Lobular Carcinoma Breast.
• Anti-Centromere antibodies are seen in CREST syndrome (Limited Scleroderma).
• Anti-Scl-70 (Anti-Topoisomerase) antibodies are seen in Diffuse Scleroderma.

PHARMACOLOGY

• N-acetylcysteine is the antidote for Paracetamol poisoning.
• Naloxone is the antidote for Opioid overdose.
• Flumazenil is the antidote for Benzodiazepine overdose.
• Atropine is the antidote for Organophosphate poisoning.
• Protamine Sulfate is the antidote for Heparin overdose.
• Vitamin K is the antidote for Warfarin overdose.
• Digibind (Fab fragments) is the antidote for Digoxin toxicity.
• Methotrexate inhibits Dihydrofolate Reductase (DHFR).
• Ganciclovir is the drug of choice for CMV Retinitis.
• Doxycycline is the drug of choice for Scrub Typhus, Cholera, and Rickettsia.
• Vancomycin (oral) is the drug of choice for Pseudomembranous Colitis (C. difficile).
• Adenosine is the drug of choice for PSVT.
• Magnesium Sulfate is the drug of choice for Eclampsia.
• Lithium causes Ebstein’s Anomaly (teratogenic effect).
• Grey Baby Syndrome is caused by Chloramphenicol [implied context of side effects].
• Red Man Syndrome is associated with rapid infusion of Vancomycin [Implied].
• ACE Inhibitors (e.g., Enalapril) are contraindicated in Bilateral Renal Artery Stenosis and Pregnancy.
• Clofazimine causes skin discoloration (red-brown) in Leprosy patients.
• Rifampicin causes Orange/Red urine discoloration.
• Furosemide acts on the Thick Ascending Limb (Na-K-2Cl cotransporter).

MICROBIOLOGY

• India Ink Preparation is used to visualize the capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans.
• Negri bodies are pathognomonic for Rabies.
• Medusa head colonies / Bamboo stick appearance indicates Bacillus anthracis.
• Satellitism on blood agar is seen with Haemophilus influenzae.
• Tzanck smear showing multinucleated giant cells indicates HSV or Varicella.
• Gas Gangrene is most commonly caused by Clostridium perfringens.
• Pseudomembranous colitis is caused by Clostridium difficile.
• Rice water stools are characteristic of Cholera (Vibrio cholerae).
• Darting motility is seen in Vibrio cholerae.
• Falling leaf motility is seen in Giardia lamblia.
• Hydatid Cyst (Water lily sign) is caused by Echinococcus granulosus.
• Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) is the standard medium for Fungi.
• Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) medium is used for Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
• Thayer-Martin media is used for Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
• Scrub Typhus is transmitted by Trombiculid Mites (Chiggers) causing an Eschar.
• Kala-azar (Visceral Leishmaniasis) is transmitted by Sandfly.
• Lyme Disease (Erythema Migrans) is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi.
• Syphilis (Painless chancre) is caused by Treponema pallidum.
• Chancroid (Painful ulcer) is caused by Haemophilus ducreyi.
• Widal Test is used for Typhoid Fever (Enteric fever).

FORENSIC MEDICINE

• Section 194 BNSS (formerly 174 CrPC) deals with Police Inquest.
• Section 196 BNSS (formerly 176 CrPC) deals with Magistrate Inquest (Dowry/Custody death).
• McNaughton’s Rule deals with Criminal Responsibility of the insane.
• Rigor Mortis starts 1-2 hours after death and lasts 24-48 hours.
• Cherry Red postmortem lividity is seen in Carbon Monoxide (CO) poisoning.
• Almond/Bitter smell is seen in Cyanide poisoning.
• Garlic smell is seen in Arsenic and Organophosphate poisoning.
• Gunshot residue (blackening/tattooing) indicates a Close/Near range shot.
• Choking (barrel impression) indicates a Contact shot.
• Diatoms test is used to diagnose Antemortem Drowning.
• Washerwoman’s hands are seen in drowning (prolonged immersion).
• Pugilistic attitude is seen in Burn cases (heat stiffening).
• Brush burn is a type of Graze Abrasion.
• Lucid interval is classically seen in Extradural Hemorrhage (EDH).
• Gutter fracture of the skull is caused by a Bullet (oblique impact).
• Takayama and Teichmann tests are confirmatory for Blood.
• Barberio and Florence tests are for Semen.
• Presumption of Death is 7 years (Section 108 IEA / 111 BSA).
• Professional negligence falls under Section 304-A IPC (causing death by negligence).
• Dying Declaration is admissible even if not on oath (Section 32 IEA).

PSM (COMMUNITY MEDICINE)

• Incidence = New cases / Population at risk (during a period).
• Prevalence = Existing (Old + New) cases / Total population.
• Case Fatality Rate (CFR) represents the Virulence/Killing power of a disease.
• Neonatal Mortality Rate (NMR) = Deaths <28 days / 1000 Live Births.
• Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) = Maternal deaths / 100,000 Live Births.
• Yellow bag is for Human anatomical waste, soiled cotton, and dressings.
• Red bag is for Recyclable plastic (tubing, bottles, catheters).
• White container is for Sharps (needles, scalpels).
• Blue container is for Glassware and metallic implants.
• Koplik’s spots appear in the prodromal stage of Measles.
• Open Vial Policy applies to Pentavalent, OPV, Hep B, TT, IPV (NOT Measles/BCG).
• BCG vaccine diluent is Normal Saline.
• Measles vaccine diluent is Distilled Water.
• ASHA worker covers a population of 1000 (Rural) / 2500 (Urban).
• Anganwadi worker covers a population of 1000 (ICDS).
• Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) = Mean + 2SD (covers 97.5% population).
• Screening Test needs high Sensitivity.
• Diagnostic Test needs high Specificity.
• Relative Risk (RR) is calculated in Cohort Studies.
• Odds Ratio (OR) is calculated in Case-Control Studies.

OPHTHALMOLOGY

• Cherry Red Spot is seen in CRAO (Central Retinal Artery Occlusion).
• “Blood and Thunder” appearance is seen in CRVO (Central Retinal Vein Occlusion).
• Curtain falling sensation is a symptom of Retinal Detachment.
• Dendritic Ulcer is pathognomonic of Herpes Simplex Keratitis.
• Satellite lesions in corneal ulcer indicate Fungal Keratitis.
• Bitot’s spots are seen in Vitamin A deficiency.
• Kayser-Fleischer (KF) ring is seen in Wilson’s Disease.
• Rosisette Cataract is seen in Trauma (concussion).
• Sunflower Cataract is seen in Wilson’s Disease.
• Oil drop cataract is seen in Galactosemia.
• Hutchinson’s pupil is a dilated, fixed pupil seen in Head Injury (3rd nerve compression).
• Argyll Robertson Pupil (Accommodates but doesn’t react to light) is seen in Neurosyphilis.
• Most common intraocular tumor in children is Retinoblastoma.
• Most common intraocular tumor in adults is Choroidal Melanoma.
• Bitemporal Hemianopia is caused by a lesion at the Optic Chiasm (e.g., Pituitary adenoma).
• Homonymous Hemianopia with macular sparing is caused by a lesion in the Occipital Cortex.
• Pterygium is a wing-shaped encroachment of conjunctiva onto the cornea.
• Chalazion is a chronic granulomatous inflammation of the Meibomian gland.
• Stye (Hordeolum) is an acute infection of the Gland of Zeis/Moll.
• Glaucoma (Acute Congestive) presents with colored halos, pain, and steamy cornea.

ENT

• Little’s Area (Kiesselbach’s plexus) is the most common site of Epistaxis.
• Angiofibroma (JNA) typically occurs in adolescent males with epistaxis.
• Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma is associated with EBV (Epstein-Barr Virus).
• Trotter’s Triad (Deafness, Neuralgia, Palatal palsy) is seen in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma.
• Thumb sign on lateral neck X-ray indicates Acute Epiglottitis.
• Steeple sign on X-ray indicates Croup (Laryngotracheobronchitis).
• Hot Potato Voice is seen in Quinsy (Peritonsillar Abscess).
• Grommet insertion is the treatment for Serous Otitis Media (Glue ear).
• Carhart’s Notch (dip at 2000Hz) is characteristic of Otosclerosis.
• Battle’s Sign (post-auricular bruising) indicates Fracture of the Middle Cranial Fossa.
• Malignant Otitis Externa is caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (in diabetics).
• Stensen’s duct drains the Parotid Gland (opposite 2nd upper molar).
• Wharton’s duct drains the Submandibular Gland.
• Caldwell-Luc operation is done for the Maxillary Sinus.
• Reinke’s Edema is associated with chronic Smoking and vocal abuse.
• Laryngomalacia presents with an Omega-shaped epiglottis and inspiratory stridor.
• Rinne test Positive means Air Conduction > Bone Conduction (Normal or SNHL).
• Weber test lateralizes to the Affected ear in Conductive Hearing Loss.
• Cone of Light is seen in the Antero-inferior quadrant of the tympanic membrane [Implied].
• Frey’s Syndrome (Gustatory sweating) is a complication of Parotidectomy.

MEDICINE

• ST elevation in leads II, III, aVF indicates Inferior Wall MI.
• ST elevation in V1-V4 indicates Anterior Wall MI.
• Beck’s Triad (Hypotension, Muffled sounds, Distended veins) = Cardiac Tamponade.
• Kussmaul’s Sign (JVP rise on inspiration) is seen in Constrictive Pericarditis.
• Pulsus Paradoxus is seen in Cardiac Tamponade and Severe Asthma.
• Water Hammer Pulse is seen in Aortic Regurgitation.
• Opening Snap and mid-diastolic murmur indicates Mitral Stenosis.
• Machine-like murmur is seen in Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA).
• H. pylori is the most common cause of Peptic Ulcer Disease.
• C-ANCA is positive in Wegener’s Granulomatosis (Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis).
• P-ANCA is positive in Microscopic Polyangiitis and Churg-Strauss.
• Anti-CCP is the most specific antibody for Rheumatoid Arthritis.
• Anti-dsDNA is specific for SLE.
• Philadelphia Chromosome t(9;22) is the hallmark of CML.
• Auer Rods are seen in AML.
• Reed-Sternberg cells are seen in Hodgkin’s Lymphoma.
• Bence Jones proteins (light chains) are seen in Multiple Myeloma.
• Charcot’s Triad (fever, jaundice, RUQ pain) is seen in Ascending Cholangitis.
• Virchow’s Node (Left supraclavicular) indicates Gastric/Abdominal malignancy [Implied].
• Conn’s Syndrome is Primary Hyperaldosteronism.

SURGERY

• Best investigation for Gallstones is Ultrasound.
• Best investigation for CBD stones is ERCP (or MRCP).
• Murphy’s Sign is positive in Acute Cholecystitis.
• McBurney’s Point tenderness indicates Acute Appendicitis.
• Rovsing’s Sign (pain in RLQ on palpating LLQ) indicates Appendicitis.
• Triangle of Calot boundaries: Cystic duct, Common Hepatic Duct, Inferior liver border.
• Most common site for Breast Ca is the Upper Outer Quadrant.
• Peau d’orange appearance of breast is due to blockage of subdermal lymphatics.
• Fibroadenoma is the most common benign breast tumor (“Breast Mouse”).
• Phyllodes Tumor presents as a large, fast-growing, leaf-like mass.
• Rule of Nines is used to estimate Burn Surface Area.
• Parkland Formula (4ml x kg x %Burn) calculates fluid for burns.
• FAST scan assesses fluid in: Perihepatic, Perisplenic, Pelvic, and Pericardial areas.
• Direct Inguinal Hernia passes through Hesselbach’s Triangle.
• Indirect Inguinal Hernia passes through the Deep Inguinal Ring.
• Seminoma is the most common testicular tumor (radiosensitive).
• Varicocele feels like a “bag of worms” and is more common on the Left.
• Fournier’s Gangrene is necrotizing fasciitis of the perineum/scrotum.
• Intussusception shows “Target sign” on USG and “Claw sign” on Barium.
• Volvulus (Sigmoid) shows “Coffee Bean” or “Omega sign” on X-ray.

PEDIATRICS

• Tetralogy of Fallot shows a “Boot-shaped heart” on X-ray.
• Transposition of Great Arteries (TGA) shows “Egg on side/string” appearance [Implied].
• Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection (TAPVC) shows “Snowman/Figure of 8” appearance.
• Intussusception presents with “Red Currant Jelly” stools.
• Hirschsprung Disease presents with delayed meconium passage (>48hrs).
• Pyloric Stenosis (CHPS) presents with non-bilious projectile vomiting and “olive mass”.
• Duodenal Atresia shows “Double Bubble” sign on X-ray.
• Croup shows “Steeple sign”.
• Epiglottitis shows “Thumb sign”.
• Physiological Jaundice appears after 24 hours of birth.
• Pathological Jaundice appears within 24 hours of birth.
• Kramer’s Rule is used to estimate bilirubin levels clinically [Implied].
• Vitamin A prophylaxis dose at 9 months is 100,000 IU.
• Koplik spots are seen in Measles.
• Chickenpox rash is pleomorphic (all stages seen simultaneously).
• Wilms Tumor is the most common renal tumor in children.
• Retinoblastoma presents with Leukocoria (white reflex).
• Down Syndrome is Trisomy 21.
• Turner Syndrome is 45, XO.
• Klinefelter Syndrome is 47, XXY.

OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY

• Lynch Syndrome is associated with Endometrial and Colon cancer.
• HPV 16 and 18 are the most common causes of Cervical Cancer.
• Most common cause of PPH is Atonic Uterus.
• Drug of choice for PPH prophylaxis is Oxytocin.
• Drug of choice for Eclampsia is Magnesium Sulfate.
• Antidote for MgSO4 toxicity is Calcium Gluconate.
• Complete Mole has 46,XX (all paternal origin) karyotype.
• Partial Mole has 69,XXY (triploid) karyotype.
• Snowstorm appearance on USG is seen in Hydatidiform Mole.
• Chocolate Cyst is seen in Endometriosis.
• Strawberry Cervix is seen in Trichomonas Vaginalis infection.
• Clue Cells are seen in Bacterial Vaginosis.
• Whiff Test (Amine test) is positive in Bacterial Vaginosis.
• Pearl Index measures Contraceptive Failure Rate [Implied].
• MTP Act 2021 allows termination up to 24 weeks for special categories.
• Misoprostol is a Prostaglandin E1 analogue.
• Mifepristone is an Anti-Progestin.
• Asherman’s Syndrome is intrauterine adhesions causing amenorrhea.
• Sheehan’s Syndrome is pituitary necrosis post-PPH causing amenorrhea.
• Meigs Syndrome: Ovarian fibroma + Ascites + Pleural effusion [Implied].

ORTHOPEDICS

• Colles Fracture: Distal radius fracture with dorsal tilt (Dinner fork deformity).
• Smith Fracture: Distal radius fracture with volar tilt (Garden spade deformity).
• Monteggia Fracture: Ulnar shaft fracture + Radial Head dislocation.
• Galeazzi Fracture: Radial shaft fracture + Distal Radio-Ulnar Joint (DRUJ) dislocation.
• Scaphoid is the most commonly fractured carpal bone.
• Lunate is the most commonly dislocated carpal bone [Implied].
• Osteosarcoma shows “Sunburst” appearance and Codman’s triangle.
• Ewing’s Sarcoma shows “Onion peel” appearance.
• Giant Cell Tumor (GCT) shows “Soap bubble” appearance.
• Brodie’s Abscess is a form of subacute Osteomyelitis.
• Pott’s Spine is Tuberculosis of the spine.
• Bamboo Spine is seen in Ankylosing Spondylitis.
• Heberden’s nodes (DIP) and Bouchard’s nodes (PIP) are seen in Osteoarthritis.
• Wrist Drop = Radial Nerve injury.
• Foot Drop = Common Peroneal Nerve injury.
• Claw Hand = Ulnar Nerve injury [Implied].
• Ape Thumb = Median Nerve injury [Implied].
• Positive Anterior Drawer Test indicates ACL tear.
• Positive Posterior Drawer Test indicates PCL tear.
• Fat Embolism is a complication of long bone fractures (e.g., Femur).

DERMATOLOGY

• Auspitz sign (pinpoint bleeding on scale removal) is seen in Psoriasis.
• Koebner phenomenon is seen in Psoriasis, Lichen Planus, Vitiligo.
• Wickham’s Striae are seen in Lichen Planus.
• Herald Patch is seen in Pityriasis Rosea [Implied].
• Burrows in web spaces are pathognomonic of Scabies.
• Target lesions are seen in Erythema Multiforme.
• Nikolsky sign is positive in Pemphigus Vulgaris (intraepidermal split).
• Tzanck Smear shows multinucleated giant cells in Herpes/Varicella.
• Dermatitis Herpetiformis is associated with Celiac Disease.
• Acanthosis Nigricans is associated with Insulin Resistance and gastric malignancy.
• Wood’s Lamp shows Coral Red fluorescence in Erythrasma.
• Impetigo exhibits “Honey-colored crusts”.
• Molluscum Contagiosum shows central Umbilication and Henderson-Paterson bodies.
• Pellagra presents with the 3 Ds: Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Dementia.
• Casal’s Necklace is a sign of Pellagra (Niacin deficiency).

PSYCHIATRY

• Auditory hallucinations are the most common type in Schizophrenia.
• Visual hallucinations are common in Delirium and organic conditions.
• Tactile hallucinations (formication) are seen in Cocaine withdrawal/intoxication.
• Wernicke’s Encephalopathy is caused by Thiamine (B1) deficiency.
• Korsakoff’s Psychosis presents with Confabulation and amnesia.
• Delirium Tremens is the most severe form of Alcohol Withdrawal (3-5 days).
• Lithium is the drug of choice for Bipolar Disorder.
• SSRI (e.g., Fluoxetine) is the drug of choice for Depression and OCD.
• Clozapine can cause Agranulocytosis.
• Flight of ideas is a feature of Mania.
• Anhedonia (loss of interest) is a core symptom of Depression.
• Russell’s Sign (calluses on knuckles) is seen in Bulimia Nervosa [Implied].
• Naloxone is used for Opioid Overdose.
• Naltrexone is used for Opioid/Alcohol Dependence (anti-craving).
• Disulfiram causes an unpleasant reaction when alcohol is consumed.

RADIOLOGY

• “Snowman” or “Figure of 8” appearance = TAPVC.
• “Boot-shaped” heart = Tetralogy of Fallot.
• “Egg on side” appearance = Transposition of Great Arteries [Implied].
• “Coffee Bean” sign = Sigmoid Volvulus.
• “Bird Beak” sign (esophagus) = Achalasia Cardia.
• “Rat Tail” appearance = Esophageal Cancer.
• “Double Bubble” sign = Duodenal Atresia.
• “Apple Core” lesion = Colon Cancer.
• “Lead Pipe” appearance = Ulcerative Colitis.
• “String Sign” of Kantor = Crohn’s Disease [Implied].
• “Saw-tooth” appearance = Diverticulosis.
• “Cobra Head” appearance = Ureterocele.
• “Sunburst” appearance = Osteosarcoma.
• “Onion Peel” appearance = Ewing’s Sarcoma.
• “Soap Bubble” appearance = Giant Cell Tumor.
• “Bamboo Spine” = Ankylosing Spondylitis.
• “Steeple Sign” = Croup.
• “Thumb Sign” = Epiglottitis.
• Investigation of Choice (IOC) for Head Trauma/Bleed = NCCT Head.
• IOC for Stroke (Ischemic) = MRI (Diffusion weighted) [Implied].

ANESTHESIA

• Ketamine causes Dissociative Anesthesia.
• Propofol is the induction agent of choice for Day Care Surgery.
• Thiopentone is ultra-short acting, used for rapid induction.
• Halothane is associated with Hepatotoxicity.
• Malignant Hyperthermia is treated with Dantrolene.
• Succinylcholine can cause Hyperkalemia and malignant hyperthermia.
• Capnography is the gold standard for confirming Endotracheal Intubation.
• Spinal Anesthesia is injected into the Subarachnoid Space [Implied].
• Epidural Anesthesia is injected into the Epidural Space.
• Lignocaine acts by blocking Sodium Channels.
• Bupivacaine is cardiotoxic.
• Soda Lime absorbs Carbon Dioxide in anesthesia circuits [Implied].
• Pink Cannula is 20G.
• Green Cannula is 18G.
• Grey Cannula is 16G.
• Orange Cannula is 14G (for rapid fluid resuscitation).
• Mallampati Score predicts Difficult Intubation.
• Sellick’s Maneuver prevents Aspiration during intubation [Implied].
• Entonox is a mixture of 50% O2 and 50% N2O.
• Nitrous Oxide cylinder is Blue.